Physically remove the hazard from the workplace. The only control that fully eliminates risk at source.

Examples: Discontinue a hazardous chemical process · Remove trip hazards from walkways permanently · Eliminate manual lifting by fully redesigning the workflow

Replace a hazardous material, agent, or process with a less hazardous alternative that achieves the same result.

Examples: Replace solvent-based paint with water-based · Substitute a toxic chemical with a non-toxic equivalent · Replace manual handling with automated equipment

Physical modifications to equipment, processes, or facilities that reduce or eliminate worker exposure without relying on worker behaviour.

Examples: Machine guarding · Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) · Safety interlocks · Noise enclosures · Pressure relief valves · Fixed guardrails

Changes to work procedures, schedules, and policies that reduce the frequency or duration of hazard exposure. Dependent on ongoing human compliance.

Examples: Job rotation to limit noise exposure · Permit-to-work systems · Safety training programmes · Warning signage · Reduced shift lengths in high-heat environments

Equipment worn by workers to minimise exposure to residual hazards. Does not eliminate or reduce the hazard — protects only the individual wearer.

Examples: Hard hats · Safety glasses / face shields · Chemical-resistant gloves · Respirators · High-vis vests · Safety footwear · Hearing protection (earplugs/earmuffs)